Sobanukirwa Inkomoko nyirizina y’Iyigamyifatire 2

 

[the_ad id=”476″]

Ikaze ku rubuga Centre for Elites,

Aho dusangira ubumenyi ku ngingo zinyuranye, ziganjemo ibijyanye n’ubuzima bw’umubiri n’ubwo mu mutwe, imyifatire ya muntu, ubuzima busanzwe, ubumenyi ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga.

Turi mu rukurikirane rw’ibiganiro rwiswe_ Turusheho gusobanukirwa n’imyifatire yacu ndetse n’iy’abo tubana.

Mu kiganiro cy’ubushize twaganiriye ku bushakashatsi bwa mbere, bufitanye isano na psychologiya, bwabaye mugihe cya kera, ubwo abantu bari batangiye kwibaza inkomoko yibitekerezo byabo, tunavuga ku buryo umuhanga Itard yagerageje guhindura imyitwarire yumuhungu wishyamba w’i Aveyron mu Bufaransa. Ibi byombi bikaba byaraduharuriraga inzira ndetse binadukomoreza ku isura y’iyigamyifatire cyangwa PSYCHOLOGIYA

Ni muri urwo rwego rero, uyu munsi, turi buganire ku Iyigamyifatire nyirizina; icyo ari cyo, ndetse n’uburyo yatangiye kwigwa nk’ubuhanga nyabwo bwo kwiga no guhindura imyifatire y’abantu n’inyamaswa.

Psychologiya cyangwa iyigamyifatire ni iki?

Psychologiya, muri rusange isobanurwa nk’uburyo bwa gihanga bwo kwiga imyifatire n’ibibera mu mutwe. Ubu bumenyi bukaba bukubiyemo ubw’imyifatire yose, yaba iy’abantu cyangwa se iy’inyamaswa. Iyo yiga kubantu, psychologiya yibanda ku bintu byose batekereza, uburyo biyumva, cyangwa ibyo bakora. Akenshi usanga abashinzwe imyifatire ya muntu, bita aba busikologue, batandukanira ku buryo baha agaciro ubwoko runaka bw’imyifatire mu bushakashatsi bwabo.

Nk’urugero, hari abahanga mubya psychologiya bemeza ko ushobora gusa kwiga imyifatire iboneshwa amaso, cyangwa iyo ushobora kwitegereza no gupima muburyo butaziguye. Hari n’abandi bemeza ko ibitekerezo byacu, ibyiyumvo, ndetse n’ibyo twibwira ari ngombwa, n’ubwo bwose bitagaragarira amaso mu buryo butaziguye. Gusa bose ikintu bahurizaho ni uko hagomba kwifashishwa ubushakashatsi bwa gihanga cyangwa bwa siyansi kandi bunyuze munzira nyazo kugirango habashwe kwigwa imyifatire iyo ari yo yose.

Mwumvise neza, ko busikologiya yaje nk’uburyo bwa gihanga bwo kwiga imyifatire ndetse n’ibibera mu mutwe, kandi ko hagomba kwitabazwa uburyo bwa gihanga mu kwiga iyo myifatire. Gusa aha hari ikindi kibazo bituzanira: Ni iki gituma psychologiya bayita ubuhanga cyangwa Siyansi yokwiga imyifatire? (ibi bijyana n’ishingiro rya siyansi ry‘ Iyigamyifatire)

Igisubizo twagishakira mu ko, Kugirango umenye neza ko amakuru yakusanyijwe arasa ku ntego koko, abahanga mu by’imyifatire ya muntu bashingira ku bushakashatsi bwa gihanga. Ni muri urwo rwego rero Mu iyigamyifatire, imyanzuro yose iba ishingiye ku makuru aboneka muburyo bwo kwitegereza no gusesengura amakuru ava mu maperereza ndetse n’amagerageza ya gihanga (experimentations).

Urugero twarufatira ku buryo muganga Wilhelm Wundt, yakoresheje, akaba kugeza na n’ubu ari we ufatwa nk’umubyeyi w’ iyigamyifatire nka siyansi kubera ko ari we waba yarashinze laboratoire ya mbere y’ iyigamyifatire, ubwo hari i Leipzig, mu Budage, mu 1879. Uyu ubundi abazi gushyenga bavuga ko yabashije gushyingira Physiologiya (ink’yiganzungano-mikorere y’umubiri) na filosofiya (nk’isesengurabitekerezo), maze bikabyara busikologiya (nk’iyigamyifatire).

Uburyo iki gitekerezo cyamujemo, yabanje kugereranya ibibera mu mutwe w’umuntu n’utubumbe duto cyane, nka tumwe tugize ibinyabutabire byose (bita composés chimiques cg Chemical compounds) . Ubwo yiyemeza ko imitekerereze ya muntu igizwe na bene utwo tubumbe two mu bwoko bubiri, ndetse akaba ari na two inagenderaho. Utwo tubumbe tukaba turimo ibyiyumvo ndetse n’amarangamutima. Muri laboratoire ye rero, Wundt yagerageje kwirekana ukuri kw’ibyo yavugaga yifashishije ikusanya makuru rikozwe muburyo bwa gihanga(scientific observation).

Gusa n’ubwo uburyo yakoresheje icyo gihe butari mu murongo nyawo kandi butajyaga gutanga umusaruro wizewe 100%, inyungu z’akazi yakoze abahanga bazirebeye mu ndorewamo y’umusaruro byatanze, aho kuba inzira yakoresheje ngo abigereho. Ubwo uburyo bwe yabwise “introspection”cyangwa ‘kwigenzura’, akaba ari nabwo bwabimburiye ubundi bwose tuzi mu iyigamyifatire hakoreshejwe inzira z’ubushakashatsi bwa gihanga (cg. Scientific method).

Muri ubu buryo bwo kwigenzura bwahimbwe na Wundt, umuntu afata igihe cyo kwitekerezaho, maze agasesengura ibyo yanyuzemo mu buzima bwe, hanyuma agatanga raporo y’ibyamubayeho, noneho umujyanama we akaba aribyo aheraho amenya ikibazo afite cyo mu mutwe cyangwa ibimutera imyifatire idasanzwe.

Gusa aha twakwibukiranya ko N’ubwo abahanga mu by’imyifatire ya muntu bakoresha uburyo bwa siyansi kugirango berekane kandi bashyigikire ibitekerezo binyuranye, ibibazo byinshi bijyanye n’imyifatire na n’ubu ntibirabonerwa ibisubizo. Niyo mpamvu Imitekerereze ya psychologiya ikomeza guhindurwa ndetse no kuvugururwa kugeaza na n’ubu.

Twabonye busikologiya mu buryo butandukanye, harimo uburyo yifashishijwe n’abakurambere mu gushaka ibisubizo ku nkomoko y’imyifatire yabo, ndetse n’uko yagendeweho mukugerageza guhindura imyifatire y’umwana w’ishyamba.  Gusa haracyari ikibazo kitarasubizwa: busikologiya nyirizina yaba yarakomotse hehe?

Mugugisubiza iki kibazo, bitujyana inyuma, mu bihe byo hambere cyera, mu kinyejana cya gatandatu n’icya gatanu mbere yivuka rya Yezu, ubwo Abagereki batangiraga kwiga imyifatire y’abantu, ari nabwo bari bamaze gusobanukirwa ko burya ahanini, ubuzima bw’abantu bugengwa n’ubwenge bwabo aho kuba imana zabo. Ibi byakurikiwe no gusobanukirwa kandi ko burya abantu ari n’ibiremwa byitekerereza kandi bizi gushyira mu gaciro.

Ni muri urwo rwego rero, abafilozofe (ba mukundabitekerezo) bo muri icyo gihe batangiye kugerageza gusobanura isi ibakikije bakurikije uburyo abantu bayibona. Ni nabwo haje igitekerezo cy’uko, ‘uburyo ibintu bishyushye cyangwa bikonje, bitose cyangwa byumye, bikomeye cyangwa byoroshye’ ari byo bigena uko abantu babana na byo cyangwa babibamo, ndetse n’ingaruka bibagiraho.

N’ubwo abahanga mu bya filozofiya b’Abagereki b’icyo gihe batashingiraga ku bushakashatsi bwimbitse, babashije gushyiraho urwego rwo guteza imbere siyanse, harimo na psychologiya, binyuze mu kwitegereza nk’uburyo bushya bwo kwifashisha mu gusobanukirwa n’ isi batuyemo. Ni ukuvuga muri iki gihe bibandaga cyane kuri filosofiya mu gusobanura no kwiga imyifatire ya muntu.

Byaratinze, Bigeze Rwagati muri za 1500s, Nicola Copernique (1473-1543) yaje gutangaza ko isi yaba atari yo zingiro ry’isanzure, nk’uko byakekwaga mbere,  kandi ko ahubwo ari yo izenguruka izuba, bitandukanye n’imyumvire yo muri icyo gihe. Nyuma yaho, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) yaje kwifashisha ibyatangajwe na kopernike, maze akoresheje indebakure yo mu bwoko bwa telescope abasha kwemeza neza aho inyenyeri ziherereye n’uburyo zigenda mu isanzure. Ibi rero bikaba ari byo byarashyize ibuye ry’ifatizo ku igerageza rya gihanga rigezweho ryifashisha ukwitegereza.

Naho mu kinyejana cya cumi na karindwi, Abafilozofe batangiye gukwirakwiza igitekerezo cya dualisme, ari cyo gitekerezo cy’uko ubwenge n’umubiri bitandukanye kandi binanyuranye. Gusa hanyuma umufilozofe w’umufaransa René Descartes (1596-1650) we ntiyabyumvise kimwe nabo ndetse aranabavuguruza cyane, ahubwo azana icye igitekerezo cy’ uko hari isano nini hagati ya roho n’umubiri. Yagerageje kumvikanisha ko roho ari yo igenzura imikorere yumubiri, ibyiyumvo, ndetse n imyumvire. Uburyo bwe bwo gusobanura imyifatire yumuntu bwari bushingiye kugitekerezo cy’uko roho n’umubiri kimwe gifasha ikindi, maze byombi bikagira uruhare mu kugena uburyo umuntu abaho mu buzima. Gusa, Isano nyayo iri hagati y’imikorere y’umubiri na roho nti yigeze isobanurwa neza kugeza na n’ubu.

Isoko nyayo y’iyigamyifatire

Tugana rero ku isooko nyayo y’iyigamyifatire mu buryo bwa gihanga,  Umuhanga mu by’imyifatire ya muntu, Hilgard adusobanurira neza ko burya, “Siyanse ya none yaba yaratangiye kwigaragaza neza ubwo yahuzaga ibitekerezo bya filozofiya, inyurabwenge (Logique), n’imibare hamwe nibyiyumviro ndetse n’ubuhangabintu by’abantu b’abanyabikorwa (practical people)” (Hilgard, 1987).

Ni muri urwo rwego, mbere yo kwinjira mu kinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda, abahanga mu binyabuzima bari bararangije gutangaza ubuvumbuzi ku ingirabuzimafatizo (cellure) nk’inyubako z’ubuzima. Nyuma ho gato, abahanga mu by’ubutabire (ari byo shimi) bakoze imbonerahamwe y’urukurikirane rw’ibintushingiro (Tableau Périodique des éléments), ndetse abahanga mu ubugenge (cg fiziki) nabo hagati aho nti bari basinziriya, ahubwo bari barakataje mu gusobanura imbaraga z’ibibera muri atome(atomic forces) (aha atome ni ingirakintu fatizo).

Mbese muri make abahanga mu by’ubumenyi kamere, bari baravumbuye uburyo bwo kwiga no gusobanukirwa n’ibibera ku isi byo ku rwego ruhambaye bifashishije uburyo bwo kubigabanyamo uduce dutoduto tworoshye kwiga. Akaba ari no muri urwo rwego rero na psychologiya cyangwa iyigamyifatire yaje kuvukamo no gufata isura ya siyanse bwa mbere.

Gusa burya rero ngo bene samusure bavukana isunzu. Nka siyanse yavutse ku ruhurirane rw’ikundabitekerezo, ndetse n’iyigamiterere y’umubiri, ak’inkundabitekerezo nti kabuze kuyikurikirana. Mu munsi yayo ya mbere, nyuma y’uko ibona izuba, imihango yo kuyirira ubunnyano yaretse kuba ibirori ahubwo irangwa n’intambara idasanzwe y’ibitekerezo, ari nayo tuzarebera hamwe mu kiganiro cyacu gikurikira. Nti muzacikwe rero turabararitse, kandi tunabashishikariza gukora subscribe no gukanda ku nzogera, kugirango ntihazagire ikiganiro cyacu na kimwe kigucika.

Murakoze, tubaye tubasezeye tunabararikira kuduha ibitekerezo muri comment, bizanadufasha gutegura ikiganiro gitaha ku buryo buzabanyura kurenza. Tubifuriza gukomeza kugira ibihe byiza.